In 2022, Nepal faced the worst dengue outbreak in its history, with over 50,000 cases and more than 50 deaths reported across its 77 districts. The highest number of cases was recorded in Kathmandu.
This surge in cases, even at higher altitudes like Kathmandu (1400m), is attributed to climate changes that favor the breeding of the Aedes mosquito. It is estimated that these numbers underestimate the true burden of the disease, as up to 80% of dengue infections can be mild or asymptomatic.
During the outbreak, according to a study published in the Journal of Travel Medicine, the emergency department of Patan Hospital attended to more than 6,600 confirmed cases of dengue, requiring the hospitalization of 576 patients. Measures taken included separating potential dengue cases and staff training.
Since 2004, when dengue was first identified in Nepal, cases have been on the rise, with the previous largest outbreak occurring in 2019 with 17,992 cases. Dengue transmission has been favored by climate change, urbanization, and increased transportation. Dengue is now the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease globally.
The response of the government of Nepal included the distribution of dengue information, rapid diagnostic tests, and mosquito control campaigns. However, diagnostic capabilities were limited, relying on tests that could not differentiate between the dengue serotypes.
The dengue outbreak in Nepal is an annual problem coinciding with the monsoon season. Without strengthening the national prevention strategy and healthcare planning, outbreaks could continue on a larger scale. Immunity to dengue is serotype-specific, so previous infections do not protect against other serotypes.
To limit the risks of future outbreaks, a multifaceted approach is required: improving national vector control, strengthening public health campaigns, enhancing surveillance and diagnostic capacity, and investing in training healthcare workers. Additionally, it is essential to implement strategies to limit future dengue outbreaks as climate change increases temperatures, allowing Aedes mosquitoes to live at higher altitudes.
Source: https://academic.oup.com/jtm/article/30/7/taad112/7243041
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